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2020材料学大事件——未来或许从现在开始

阅读量：41

发布时间：2021-08-25

来源：酯香香化学采购网

　　【化工仪器网科技前沿】材料，通俗的来说就是人类用于制造物品、器件、机器等产品的物质，从产品的角度来看，材料本身的物理、化学性质又会直接影响产品的用途。所以，随着科技水平的不断进步，研究人员对于材料的需求也会不断增加，也正因为这个原因，材料的发展影响着技术的不断进步。而在过去的2020年，材料学也发生了不少大事件。

　　天然超材料被发现

　　动物带给我们的惊喜

　　超材料本身指的是具有超常物理性质的材料，简单的说就是能够达到一些传统材料无法实现的效果。在过去的研究中，超材料并非天然存在的，而是人为制造的，并且超材料也是电子工程、光电子学、经典光学、材料科学、半导体科学、纳米科技等领域重要的研究课题之一。

　　而就在2020年，一种天然的超材料被发现，他就是飞蛾看似普通的翅膀。据了解，飞蛾的翅膀结构非常特殊，有很好的超声吸收特性，而这一特性能够帮助其很好的躲避蝙蝠蛾捕食。当然作为一种声学超材料，这一发现无疑为材料学研究及声学超材料的发展提供了重要的资料以及帮助。

　　香港大学研发“超级钢”

　　兼具强度、韧性及延展性的新选择

　　钢材是一类常见的材料，而根据制作工艺及技术的不同，特性也会有所差异。一般评价钢材性能的指标有三点，分别是强度、韧性和延展性。强度指的是钢材在变形或失效前能承受的重量上限，韧性是指造成钢材断裂所需的力的大小，而延展性则是衡量钢材延伸难易度的一个指标。不过，绝大多数钢材并不能兼顾这三点，因此使用的时候需要根据实际场景做出选择。

　　就在2020年5月12日，香港大学公布了其与美国伯克利大学合作的“超级钢”项目收获了重大进展，而也正是这一进展一定程度上突破钢材难以兼顾强度、韧性、延展性的问题。据悉，这种新型的钢材料通过增加材料屈服强度启动了新的增韧机制，从而大幅提其韧性。根据相关试验显示，新型钢材的抗变形屈服强度约2GPa，断裂韧性为102MPa-m½，均匀延伸率为19%。目前该成果已于学术期刊《科学》上发表。

　　从壁虎身上得到启示

　　超疏液仿生纤维粘合材料

　　疏水性简单的说就是一种分子与水互相排斥的物理性质，疏水性材料的价值便在于其可以有效的阻绝水对材料造成的影响，起到阻隔水的作用。而疏液性与疏水性大同小异，其明显区别就在于疏液性材料不进可以排斥水，还能排斥油等其他液体。不过在材料学领域，疏液性与粘合性能是一个矛盾的存在，具备疏液性的材料很难保有粘合性，粘合性材料在接触液体后也会影响到其粘合性能。

　　不过就在2020年，这一结论似乎被打破了。德国马克斯·普朗克智能系统研究所科学家通过研究壁虎脚垫，研发出了一种超疏液仿生纤维粘合材料，这种材料的纤维尖端十分特别，是一种特殊的蘑菇形绒毛结构，而也正是这种结构，使得其能过像壁虎脚垫上的微纤毛阵列那样，排斥液体的同时，保持粘合力。

　　突破芯片制造难题

　　我国首台激光晶圆切割机问世

　　2020年，对于我国芯片技术的发展是重要的一年，中国电子旗下中国长城郑州轨道交通信息技术研究院和河南通用智能装备有限公司历时一年，成功研制出了我国首台半导体激光隐形晶圆切割机，为我国激光晶圆切割行业发展提供了助力。

　　新型白油漆助力建筑降温

　　简单原理也能大有作为

　　对于长期暴露在户外的物体来说，长期的太阳直射无疑是一个严峻的考验，而建筑便是其中颇具代表性的一个。事实上，太阳对于建筑的影响十分明显，一方面紫外线会加速墙体的老化速度；另一方面建筑吸收太阳传递的热能后，热量会在建筑内传递，使建筑内部的空间整体温度上升。尽管，通过合理的风道设计以及通风等手段，建筑的整体温度能够一定程度上的得到调节，但是如何降低太阳直射对于建筑的影响一直是一个长期的话题。

　　而在这方面，热反射油漆这种特殊的油漆材料一直被业内看好，通过在建筑表面使用商用热反射油漆，能够有效的阻隔80%-90%的太阳光照，避免对建筑产生影响。但是这似乎并没有满足相关研究人员的目标。就在2020年，一种全新的白色热反射油漆被研制出来，这种油漆的反射率达到了95.5%，不仅如此，这种油漆材料相较于传统的降温油漆，涂层更薄、成本更低，使用前景更加广泛。更让人惊讶的是，这种材料采用的原理其实并不复杂，材料本身由碳酸钙制成，通过含有的不同大小的颗粒反射太阳光谱中不同波长的光，从而起到了降温的目的。

　　科学是一个非常宽泛的领域，它的发展需要各个领域、各个环节的共同进步，而材料学便是其中之一。过去一年，材料学的发展有的离我们的生活很远，有的又仿佛即将出现在我们的身边。尽管许多的新技术还未能投入实际的使用，但是未来或许就是从现在开始改变，而这些新技术也将在未来给我们的生活带去美好的改变。

内容来源于酯香香化学采购网

下一篇：基于分布式光纤声波传感器的冰川微地震监测和地震波传播研究

上一篇：上海光机所在提升电子束蒸发沉积激光薄膜的长期性能稳定研究中取得新进展

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/www/dev/zhihuagong/thinkphp/library/think/exception/Handle.php ( 8.96 KB )
/www/dev/zhihuagong/thinkphp/library/think/db/Expression.php ( 1.11 KB )
/www/dev/zhihuagong/thinkphp/library/think/model/Collection.php ( 3.23 KB )
/www/dev/zhihuagong/thinkphp/library/think/Collection.php ( 13.60 KB )
/www/dev/zhihuagong/runtime/temp/b275df7f7078649353258fc8c4a5003e.php ( 37.86 KB )
/www/dev/zhihuagong/thinkphp/library/think/Response.php ( 9.68 KB )
/www/dev/zhihuagong/thinkphp/library/think/debug/Html.php ( 4.02 KB )

[ DB ] CONNECT:[ UseTime:0.000333s ] mysql:host=127.0.0.1;port=3306;dbname=yzncms;charset=utf8
[ SQL ] SHOW COLUMNS FROM `yzn_nav_category` [ RunTime:0.001502s ]
[ SQL ] SELECT * FROM `yzn_nav_category` WHERE `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000449s ]
[ SQL ] SHOW COLUMNS FROM `yzn_poster` [ RunTime:0.000881s ]
[ SQL ] SELECT * FROM `yzn_poster` WHERE `cate_id` = 99 AND `p_c_id` = 52 AND `status` = 1 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000336s ]
[ SQL ] SELECT * FROM `yzn_poster` WHERE `cate_id` = 99 AND `p_c_id` = 55 AND `status` = 1 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000280s ]
[ SQL ] SHOW COLUMNS FROM `yzn_goods_property` [ RunTime:0.000921s ]
[ SQL ] SELECT `g`.`name`,`p`.`price`,`p`.`unit`,`p`.`type`,`p`.`thumb`,p.id as p_id,`p`.`value`,`p`.`is_where`,`p`.`sku_unit`,`p`.`repeat_type`,`p`.`goods_id` FROM `yzn_goods_property` `p` LEFT JOIN `yzn_goods` `g` ON `p`.`goods_id`=`g`.`id` WHERE `p`.`status` = 1 AND `p`.`is_del` = 0 AND `g`.`is_del` = 0 AND `p`.`is_where` LIKE '%1%' AND `p`.`recommend` = 1 GROUP BY `p`.`goods_id`,`p`.`repeat_type` ORDER BY `p`.`sort` DESC,`g`.`id` DESC LIMIT 0,15 [ RunTime:0.002703s ]
[ SQL ] SHOW COLUMNS FROM `yzn_goods_category` [ RunTime:0.000801s ]
[ SQL ] SELECT * FROM `yzn_goods_category` WHERE `hot_search` = 1 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC,`id` DESC [ RunTime:0.000388s ]
[ SQL ] SELECT * FROM `yzn_goods_category` WHERE `is_show` > 0 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC [ RunTime:0.000291s ]
[ SQL ] SELECT * FROM `yzn_goods_category` WHERE `id` IN (1,2,7,16,17,34,92,95,38) [ RunTime:0.000261s ]
[ SQL ] SELECT `id`,`catname` FROM `yzn_goods_category` WHERE `pid` = 1 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC,`id` DESC [ RunTime:0.000235s ]
[ SQL ] SELECT `id`,`catname` FROM `yzn_goods_category` WHERE `pid` = 2 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC,`id` DESC [ RunTime:0.000203s ]
[ SQL ] SELECT `id`,`catname` FROM `yzn_goods_category` WHERE `pid` = 7 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC,`id` DESC [ RunTime:0.000218s ]
[ SQL ] SELECT `id`,`catname` FROM `yzn_goods_category` WHERE `pid` = 16 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC,`id` DESC [ RunTime:0.000218s ]
[ SQL ] SELECT `id`,`catname` FROM `yzn_goods_category` WHERE `pid` = 17 AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC,`id` DESC [ RunTime:0.000199s ]
[ SQL ] SELECT `id`,`catname` FROM `yzn_goods_category` WHERE `pid` IN (34,92) AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC,`id` DESC [ RunTime:0.000224s ]
[ SQL ] SELECT `id`,`catname` FROM `yzn_goods_category` WHERE `pid` IN (95,38) AND `status` = 1 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC,`id` DESC [ RunTime:0.000225s ]
[ SQL ] SELECT `id`,`catname` FROM `yzn_goods_category` WHERE `pid` = 1 AND `status` = 1 [ RunTime:0.000180s ]
[ SQL ] SELECT * FROM `yzn_goods_category` WHERE `status` = 1 AND `id` = 1 [ RunTime:0.000196s ]
[ SQL ] SELECT `id` FROM `yzn_goods_category` WHERE `status` = 1 AND ( arrparentid like '0,1,%' ) [ RunTime:0.000230s ]
[ SQL ] SHOW COLUMNS FROM `yzn_goods` [ RunTime:0.000611s ]
[ SQL ] SELECT `g`.`name`,p.id as p_id,`p`.`price`,`p`.`type`,`p`.`thumb`,`p`.`unit`,`p`.`is_where`,`p`.`goods_id`,`p`.`repeat_type` FROM `yzn_goods` `g` LEFT JOIN `yzn_goods_property` `p` ON `p`.`goods_id`=`g`.`id` WHERE `p`.`status` = 1 AND `p`.`is_del` = 0 AND `g`.`is_del` = 0 AND `p`.`is_where` LIKE '%1%' AND `g`.`cate_id` IN (25,26,29,30,48,1) AND `p`.`hot_sale` = '1' GROUP BY `p`.`repeat_type`,`p`.`goods_id` ORDER BY `p`.`sort` DESC,`p`.`id` DESC LIMIT 0,10 [ RunTime:0.000985s ]
[ SQL ] SELECT `id`,`catname` FROM `yzn_goods_category` WHERE `pid` = 2 AND `status` = 1 [ RunTime:0.000227s ]
[ SQL ] SELECT * FROM `yzn_goods_category` WHERE `status` = 1 AND `id` = 2 [ RunTime:0.000197s ]
[ SQL ] SELECT `id` FROM `yzn_goods_category` WHERE `status` = 1 AND ( arrparentid like '0,2,%' ) [ RunTime:0.000187s ]
[ SQL ] SELECT `g`.`name`,p.id as p_id,`p`.`price`,`p`.`type`,`p`.`thumb`,`p`.`unit`,`p`.`is_where`,`p`.`goods_id`,`p`.`repeat_type` FROM `yzn_goods` `g` LEFT JOIN `yzn_goods_property` `p` ON `p`.`goods_id`=`g`.`id` WHERE `p`.`status` = 1 AND `p`.`is_del` = 0 AND `g`.`is_del` = 0 AND `p`.`is_where` LIKE '%1%' AND `g`.`cate_id` IN (42,43,2) AND `p`.`hot_sale` = '1' GROUP BY `p`.`repeat_type`,`p`.`goods_id` ORDER BY `p`.`sort` DESC,`p`.`id` DESC LIMIT 0,10 [ RunTime:0.000911s ]
[ SQL ] SELECT `id`,`catname` FROM `yzn_goods_category` WHERE `pid` = 7 AND `status` = 1 [ RunTime:0.000217s ]
[ SQL ] SELECT * FROM `yzn_goods_category` WHERE `status` = 1 AND `id` = 7 [ RunTime:0.000192s ]
[ SQL ] SELECT `id` FROM `yzn_goods_category` WHERE `status` = 1 AND ( arrparentid like '0,7,%' ) [ RunTime:0.000189s ]
[ SQL ] SELECT `g`.`name`,p.id as p_id,`p`.`price`,`p`.`type`,`p`.`thumb`,`p`.`unit`,`p`.`is_where`,`p`.`goods_id`,`p`.`repeat_type` FROM `yzn_goods` `g` LEFT JOIN `yzn_goods_property` `p` ON `p`.`goods_id`=`g`.`id` WHERE `p`.`status` = 1 AND `p`.`is_del` = 0 AND `g`.`is_del` = 0 AND `p`.`is_where` LIKE '%1%' AND `g`.`cate_id` IN (10,14,32,33,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,96,97,7) AND `p`.`hot_sale` = '1' GROUP BY `p`.`repeat_type`,`p`.`goods_id` ORDER BY `p`.`sort` DESC,`p`.`id` DESC LIMIT 0,10 [ RunTime:0.000959s ]
[ SQL ] SELECT `id`,`catname` FROM `yzn_goods_category` WHERE `pid` = 16 AND `status` = 1 [ RunTime:0.000220s ]
[ SQL ] SELECT * FROM `yzn_goods_category` WHERE `status` = 1 AND `id` = 16 [ RunTime:0.000191s ]
[ SQL ] SELECT `id` FROM `yzn_goods_category` WHERE `status` = 1 AND ( arrparentid like '0,16,%' ) [ RunTime:0.000199s ]
[ SQL ] SELECT `g`.`name`,p.id as p_id,`p`.`price`,`p`.`type`,`p`.`thumb`,`p`.`unit`,`p`.`is_where`,`p`.`goods_id`,`p`.`repeat_type` FROM `yzn_goods` `g` LEFT JOIN `yzn_goods_property` `p` ON `p`.`goods_id`=`g`.`id` WHERE `p`.`status` = 1 AND `p`.`is_del` = 0 AND `g`.`is_del` = 0 AND `p`.`is_where` LIKE '%1%' AND `g`.`cate_id` IN (59,60,61,62,63,16) AND `p`.`hot_sale` = '1' GROUP BY `p`.`repeat_type`,`p`.`goods_id` ORDER BY `p`.`sort` DESC,`p`.`id` DESC LIMIT 0,10 [ RunTime:0.000916s ]
[ SQL ] SELECT `id`,`catname` FROM `yzn_goods_category` WHERE `pid` = 17 AND `status` = 1 [ RunTime:0.000217s ]
[ SQL ] SELECT * FROM `yzn_goods_category` WHERE `status` = 1 AND `id` = 17 [ RunTime:0.000193s ]
[ SQL ] SELECT `id` FROM `yzn_goods_category` WHERE `status` = 1 AND ( arrparentid like '0,17,%' ) [ RunTime:0.000198s ]
[ SQL ] SELECT `g`.`name`,p.id as p_id,`p`.`price`,`p`.`type`,`p`.`thumb`,`p`.`unit`,`p`.`is_where`,`p`.`goods_id`,`p`.`repeat_type` FROM `yzn_goods` `g` LEFT JOIN `yzn_goods_property` `p` ON `p`.`goods_id`=`g`.`id` WHERE `p`.`status` = 1 AND `p`.`is_del` = 0 AND `g`.`is_del` = 0 AND `p`.`is_where` LIKE '%1%' AND `g`.`cate_id` IN (40,64,65,66,67,68,100,17) AND `p`.`hot_sale` = '1' GROUP BY `p`.`repeat_type`,`p`.`goods_id` ORDER BY `p`.`sort` DESC,`p`.`id` DESC LIMIT 0,10 [ RunTime:0.000908s ]
[ SQL ] SELECT `id`,`catname` FROM `yzn_goods_category` WHERE `pid` = 34 AND `status` = 1 [ RunTime:0.000202s ]
[ SQL ] SELECT `id`,`catname` FROM `yzn_goods_category` WHERE `pid` = 92 AND `status` = 1 [ RunTime:0.000182s ]
[ SQL ] SELECT * FROM `yzn_goods_category` WHERE `status` = 1 AND `id` IN (34,92) [ RunTime:0.000231s ]
[ SQL ] SELECT `id` FROM `yzn_goods_category` WHERE `status` = 1 AND ( arrparentid like '0,34,%' or arrparentid like '0,92,%' ) [ RunTime:0.000219s ]
[ SQL ] SELECT `g`.`name`,p.id as p_id,`p`.`price`,`p`.`type`,`p`.`thumb`,`p`.`unit`,`p`.`is_where`,`p`.`goods_id`,`p`.`repeat_type` FROM `yzn_goods` `g` LEFT JOIN `yzn_goods_property` `p` ON `p`.`goods_id`=`g`.`id` WHERE `p`.`status` = 1 AND `p`.`is_del` = 0 AND `g`.`is_del` = 0 AND `p`.`is_where` LIKE '%1%' AND `g`.`cate_id` IN (35,70,71,93,94,34,92) AND `p`.`hot_sale` = '1' GROUP BY `p`.`repeat_type`,`p`.`goods_id` ORDER BY `p`.`sort` DESC,`p`.`id` DESC LIMIT 0,10 [ RunTime:0.000895s ]
[ SQL ] SELECT `id`,`catname` FROM `yzn_goods_category` WHERE `pid` = 95 AND `status` = 1 [ RunTime:0.000201s ]
[ SQL ] SELECT `id`,`catname` FROM `yzn_goods_category` WHERE `pid` = 38 AND `status` = 1 [ RunTime:0.000194s ]
[ SQL ] SELECT * FROM `yzn_goods_category` WHERE `status` = 1 AND `id` IN (95,38) [ RunTime:0.000236s ]
[ SQL ] SELECT `id` FROM `yzn_goods_category` WHERE `status` = 1 AND ( arrparentid like '0,38,%' or arrparentid like '0,95,%' ) [ RunTime:0.000203s ]
[ SQL ] SELECT `g`.`name`,p.id as p_id,`p`.`price`,`p`.`type`,`p`.`thumb`,`p`.`unit`,`p`.`is_where`,`p`.`goods_id`,`p`.`repeat_type` FROM `yzn_goods` `g` LEFT JOIN `yzn_goods_property` `p` ON `p`.`goods_id`=`g`.`id` WHERE `p`.`status` = 1 AND `p`.`is_del` = 0 AND `g`.`is_del` = 0 AND `p`.`is_where` LIKE '%1%' AND `g`.`cate_id` IN (47,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,99,95,38) AND `p`.`hot_sale` = '1' GROUP BY `p`.`repeat_type`,`p`.`goods_id` ORDER BY `p`.`sort` DESC,`p`.`id` DESC LIMIT 0,10 [ RunTime:0.000895s ]
[ SQL ] SHOW COLUMNS FROM `yzn_article` [ RunTime:0.000831s ]
[ SQL ] SELECT `A`.*,`AD`.*,`C`.`catname` FROM `yzn_article` `A` INNER JOIN `yzn_article_data` `AD` ON `A`.`id`=`AD`.`did` INNER JOIN `yzn_category` `C` ON `C`.`id`=`A`.`catid` WHERE `A`.`id` = 5564 AND `A`.`status` = 1 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000638s ]
[ SQL ] SHOW COLUMNS FROM `yzn_category` [ RunTime:0.000600s ]
[ SQL ] SELECT `id` FROM `yzn_category` WHERE `parentid` = 35 AND `status` = 1 [ RunTime:0.000165s ]
[ SQL ] SELECT `id` FROM `yzn_category` WHERE `parentid` IN (36,37,38,39,40,41,42) AND `status` = 1 [ RunTime:0.000157s ]
[ SQL ] SELECT `id` FROM `yzn_category` WHERE `parentid` = 43 AND `status` = 1 [ RunTime:0.000133s ]
[ SQL ] SELECT `id` FROM `yzn_category` WHERE `parentid` IN (44,45,46,47,48,49,50) AND `status` = 1 [ RunTime:0.000154s ]
[ SQL ] SELECT `id` FROM `yzn_category` WHERE `parentid` = 6 AND `status` = 1 [ RunTime:0.000127s ]
[ DB ] CONNECT:[ UseTime:0.000257s ] mysql:host=127.0.0.1;port=3306;dbname=yzncms;charset=utf8
[ SQL ] SELECT `A`.`id`,`A`.`title` FROM `yzn_article` `A` INNER JOIN `yzn_category` `C` ON `C`.`id`=`A`.`catid` WHERE `A`.`status` = 1 AND `A`.`catid` IN (35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42) ORDER BY `A`.`flag` DESC,`A`.`listorder` ASC,`A`.`updatetime` DESC [ RunTime:0.020363s ]
[ SQL ] UPDATE `yzn_article` SET `hits` = `hits` + 1 WHERE `id` = 5564 [ RunTime:0.000304s ]
[ SQL ] SELECT * FROM `yzn_poster` WHERE `cate_id` = 10 AND `p_c_id` = 41 ORDER BY `listorder` ASC LIMIT 4 [ RunTime:0.000372s ]
[ SQL ] SELECT COUNT(*) AS tp_count FROM `yzn_article` `a` INNER JOIN `yzn_category` `c` ON `a`.`catid`=`c`.`id` WHERE `catid` = 38 AND `a`.`status` = 1 [ RunTime:0.002688s ]
[ SQL ] SELECT `a`.*,`c`.`catname` FROM `yzn_article` `a` INNER JOIN `yzn_category` `c` ON `a`.`catid`=`c`.`id` WHERE `catid` = 38 AND `a`.`status` = 1 ORDER BY `flag` DESC,`listorder` ASC,`updatetime` DESC LIMIT 0,6 [ RunTime:0.004630s ]
[ SQL ] SELECT COUNT(*) AS tp_count FROM `yzn_article` `a` INNER JOIN `yzn_category` `c` ON `a`.`catid`=`c`.`id` WHERE `catid` = 37 AND `a`.`status` = 1 [ RunTime:0.002574s ]
[ SQL ] SELECT `a`.*,`c`.`catname` FROM `yzn_article` `a` INNER JOIN `yzn_category` `c` ON `a`.`catid`=`c`.`id` WHERE `catid` = 37 AND `a`.`status` = 1 ORDER BY `flag` DESC,`listorder` ASC,`updatetime` DESC LIMIT 0,6 [ RunTime:0.004953s ]